酸性土壤施石灰对土壤理化性质、微生物数量及烟叶产质量的影响

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  摘要 [目的]研究酸性土壤施石灰对土壤理化性质、微生物数量及烟叶产质量的影响,以期为宜宾市酸性土壤改良提供科学依据。[方法]以K326为供试烤烟品种,结合大田试验与室内试验,研究石灰对土壤pH、有机质、微生物数量及烟草化学成分等的影响。[结果]与不施石灰处理相比,施石灰处理土壤pH、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均增加,土壤有机质含量降低,土壤细菌、放线菌数量分别提高327%~115.8%和32.9%~73.3%,真菌数量降低25.0%~51.9%,烟株生长发育增强,烟叶产质量、可用性提高。[结论]在宜宾烟区pH 5.06左右的土壤, 石灰施用量以1 500 kg/hm2为宜。
  关键词 烤烟;石灰;土壤理化性质;土壤微生物;产质量
  中图分类号 S156 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2015)12-091-03
  Abstract [Objective]The effects of applying lime on the physical and chemical properties, microbial quantities of acid soil and the yield and quality of fluecured tobacco were studied in order to provide a theoretical evidence for the improvement of acidic soil in Yibin. [Method]With K326 as a tested fluecured tobacco variety, the effects of lime on soil pH, organic matter, microbial quantities and chemical composition of tobacco were studied through a combination of laboratory tests and field trials.[Result]Comparing with the control, pH, contents of alkalihydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil were increased, the content of organic matter was decreased, and the number of bacteria and actinomycetes of the soil were increased by 32.7%-115.8% and 32.9%-115.8%, and the number of fungi was reduced by 25.0%-51.9%. The growth and the development of tobacco plants were promoted, and the yield, quality and usability of tobacco leaves were improved by applying lime. [Conclusion]In Yibin, the preferred application amount of lime in the soil of pH 5.06 or so was 1 500 kg/hm2.
  Key words Fluecured tobacco; Lime; Soil physical and chemical nature; Soil microorganism; Yield and quality
  生产优质烟叶受多方面因素的影响,如土壤条件、栽培技术、品种、气候和烘烤技术等,而土壤酸度是土壤条件中影响土壤养分转化及其有效性的决定因素之一[1]。宋承鉴[2]报道,生产优质烟叶的最适土壤酸度范围为pH 5.5~6.5。近年来,宜宾市土壤酸化情况越来越严重。王光合等[3]研究表明,宜宾烟区pH<5.5的土壤占38.58%,且在兴文、筠连等产烟大县表现尤为严重。宜宾市农业科学院与四川省烟草公司宜宾市公司项目组研究表明,施用石灰对改良宜宾市植烟土壤、控制土传病害发生、提高烟叶产质量方面有显著成效。目前,施石灰对烟田土壤酸度、酶活性及烟叶产量和品质的影响已有一些研究[4-6],但涉及施石灰对烟田土壤微环境的影响研究较少。笔者研究了石灰施用对植烟土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量、烟叶产质量及化学成分的影响,以期为宜宾市酸性土壤改良、保障土壤资源可持续利用和烟叶生产发展提供科学依据。
  1 材料与方法
  1.1 供试材料
  供试烤烟品种为K326。试验在兴文县大坝镇先合村四组宜宾市烟草公司建设的烤烟科技园区的田块上进行,海拔500 m,土壤类型为黄壤。土壤农化性状为有机质26.88 g/kg,pH 5.06,全氮0.69 g/kg,全磷0.28 g/kg,全钾24.03 g/kg,碱解氮89.79 mg/kg,速效磷14.11 mg/kg,速效钾110.12 mg/kg。
  1.2 试验设计
  设4个处理:处理①750 kg/hm2;处理②1 500 kg/hm2;处理③2 250 kg/hm2;处理④(CK)不施石灰。3次重复,重复间走道宽0.5 m,四周设保护行。石灰于移栽前2个月撒施,翻耕。田间管理和生产措施均匀、一致。
  1.3 测定项目与方法
  1.3.1 耕层土壤样品的采集与理化性质的测定。
  在石灰施用前(2月上旬)及烟叶采收后(8月上旬),每个小区经5点法用土钻取0~20 cm土层的土壤制成混合土样,剔除石头、植物残体和其他杂物,带回实验室,过2 mm筛。一部分置于冰箱(4 ℃)保存,用于测定土壤微生物数量(测定前于25 ℃条件下预培养1 d);另一部分置于阴凉通风处风干,用于测定土壤理化性质。用PHS3C型酸度计,测定土壤pH,土∶水为1.0∶2.5;有机质的测定采用重铬酸钾外加热法;全氮的测定采用半微量开氏法;全磷、全钾的测定分别采用HClO4消煮和HFHClO4消煮,火焰光度法;碱解氮的测定采用碱解扩散法;速效磷的测定采用碳酸氢钠提取-钼锑抗比色法;速效钾的测定采用1 mol/L 乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法。