摘要[目的]研究不同采收方式对周口烟区烤烟上部叶烘烤效果的影响。[方法]采用对比试验，分别对常规采烤（T1）、上部叶一次性采烤（T2）、带茎烘烤（T3）3种采烤方式的农艺性状、化学成分、经济效益进行了研究。[结果]除叶长差异较大外，不同处理大田烟叶农艺性状差异不大；不同处理烤后烟叶化学成分烤后烟的烟碱含量为2.58%～2.68%，总氮含量从高到低依次为T1、T2、T3，还原糖与总糖的含量从高到低依次为T2、T1、T3，氯含量较低，T3比T2高出0.08百分点；T1处理单叶重最重（13.15 g），产量也最高，比T2处理高70.2 kg/hm2，上等烟的比例与中等烟的比例从高到低依次为T3、T2、T1，其中T3处理中等烟的比例比T1处理高4.97百分点，比T2高0.73百分点；T3处理上等烟比例比T1处理高4.97百分点，比T2处理高0.67百分点；T3处理的均价比T1处理高0.49元/kg，比T2处理高0.08元/kg。[结论] 带茎烘烤有明显的经济优势，其烤后烟叶的品质较好，经济价值较高。
关键词 上部叶；采收方式；烘烤效益；周口烟区
中图分类号 S572 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2017）03-0043-03
Abstract[Objective] To research the effects of harvesting methods on the upper leaves curing in Zhoukou Tobacco Area.[Method] Comparative test method was adopted to research and analyze the agronomic characters， chemical components and economic benefits of three harvesting methods， which were conventional curing （T1）， onetime upper leaf curing （T2） and curing with stalk （T3）.[Result] Except that the leaf length had relatively great differences， different treatments showed little differences in field agronomic characters of tobacco leaves. Nicotine content in fluecured tobacco was 2.58-2.68%；nitrogen contents in three treatments from high to low were in the order of T1， T2 and T3. The contents of reducing sugar and total sugar from high to low were in the order of T2， T1 and T3. Chlorine content was relatively low， T3 treatments was 0.08 percentage points higher than T2；single leaf weight in T1 was the maximum （13.15 g）；yield was the highest in T1 treatment， which was 70.2 g higher than that in T2 treatment. Proportions of firstclass tobaccos and middleclass tobaccos from high to low were in the order of T3， T2 and T1. Proportion of middleclass tobaccos in treatment T3 was 4.97 percentage points higher than that in T1， and 0.67 percentage points higher than that in T2. Average price in T3 treatment was 0.49 and 0.08 yuan/kg higher than those in T1 and T2， respectively.[Conclusion] Curing with stalk has obvious economic advantages， the fluecured tobacco leaves has high quality and economic value.
Key words Upper leaf；Harvesting methods；Curing benefits；Zhoukou Tobacco Area
隨著消费者对卷烟质量和安全性要求的提高，我国原有对烟叶原料质量的要求已不能满足国内外市场的需要[1]，而上部烟叶对烤烟总体质量、产量及等级都有重大影响[2-4]。好的上部叶在现代混合型卷烟和低焦油烤烟型卷烟叶组配方中起主导作用，对卷烟香味及其风格至关重要[5-6]。然而，当前国内卷烟生产中的上部烟叶利用率较低，与国外上部叶利用率（40%）相比差距甚远[7-10]，直接影响了我国烟叶生产整体水平的提高[11-12]。我国上部烟叶一直采用传统采烤方式，成熟一片，采烤一片，存在叶片偏厚、色深、组织结构紧密、烟碱含量过高、还原糖及糖碱比低、内在化学成分不协调等问题[13-14]，从而降低烟叶的品质和可用性[2，15]，这可能与常规分次采收方式有关。由于常规采收方式不足以维持茎和根系代谢，而且还会消耗烟叶以前积累的化合物，导致烟叶内化学成分比例失调，烟叶烘烤特性下降，上部烟叶成熟度不够，烘烤后青烟和浮青烟多[16]。研究表明，上部4～6片烟叶一次性采收烘烤较常规采烤可提高上部叶烘烤质量[17-18]。近年来，上部叶带茎采收烘烤技术已在福建烟区、云南部分烟区推广应用。上部叶带茎采收烘烤的外观质量、化学成分含量方面已有研究[2，4，19]，但是关于周口烟区上部叶带茎烘烤效果的研究鲜有报道。笔者对周口烟叶上部叶带茎烘烤进行研究，以期体现周口烟区的烟叶特色，提高烟区烟叶的烘烤质量。