土壤调理剂对茶园土壤理化性质和茶叶品质的影响


   摘要:通过田间小区试验,研究不同土壤调理剂对土壤理化性质和茶叶品质的影响。结果表明,施入土壤调理剂的处理土壤容重均降低,孔隙度均增加,腐殖酸和风化煤处理土壤容重分别比化肥处理降低12.5%和5.7%,腐殖酸+风化煤处理土壤容重低于腐殖酸处理高于风化煤处理。茶叶中氮、磷、钾矿质养分含量以腐殖酸处理最高,这与腐殖酸处理土壤中速效氮、磷、钾含量较高有关。茶青产量增加,以腐殖酸的效果较好,增产11.5%;腐殖酸处理茶叶中茶多酚和水浸出物含量都高于其他处理,分别比化肥处理提高20.8%和9.4%。可见,土壤调理剂的施入既能改善土壤结构,对植物生长提供良好的土壤环境,又能增加茶青产量,提高茶叶品质。
  关键词:土壤调理剂;茶园;土壤理化性质;茶叶品质
  中图分类号:S571.1;S156.2;S506.1文献标识码:A文章编号:0439-8114(2014)09-2006-03
  
  Effects of Soil Conditioners on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
  of Tea Garden and Quality of Tea
  
  ZHANG Qing1,WANG Huang-ping1,LI Fang-liang1,KONG Qing-bo1,HU Qin-huai1,2,LUO Tao1
  (1.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China;
  2. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China)
  
  Abstract: The effects of soil conditioners on soil physical and chemical properties of tea garden and tea quality were studied through field experiments. The results showed that the bulk density decreased and the specific weight of soil and porosity increased after applying soil conditioners. Soil bulk density of humic acid and weathered coal treatments were decreased by 12.5% and 5.7%, respectively compared with the fertilizer treatment. Soil bulk density ofhumic acid and weathered coal co-application treatment varied between them. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tea of humic acid treatment were all higher than those of other treatments due to the high contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil treated by humic acid. Humic acid treatment had the highest yield with increase of 11.5%. Tea polyphenols and water extractive contents of humic acid treatment were higher than those of other treatments with increase of 20.8% and 9.4%, respectively compared with chemical fertilizer treatment. Soil conditioners can improve soil structure, provide good soil environment for plant growth, and increase the yield of improve the quality of tea.
  Key words: soil conditioner; tea garden; soil physical and chemical properties; tea quality
  茶园土壤是茶树赖以生存的基础,土壤条件的好坏直接影响着茶叶的品质。长期以来由于粗放型耕作以及农民偏施氮肥等,造成土壤偏酸、结构变差、有机质含量降低、土壤肥力下降等变化,导致茶叶产量和品质下降[1]。随着科学技术的普及和茶叶经济效益的提高,茶农逐渐意识到这一问题。采取增施有机肥、施用土壤调理剂等科学施肥措施来改善茶园土壤的观点也陆续被接受。能改善土壤结构和提高土壤肥力的调理剂品种繁多,其中腐殖酸(HA)是一种分子量大、疏松多孔、褐色的、分子结构复杂的物质,保水性能较强,有机质含量大于35%;风化煤是一种长期氧化、风化、水解形成的低级煤,含有大量再生腐殖酸和多种含氧活性官能团,如羧基、酚羟基、醌基、醇羟基等,从而赋予风化煤新的利用价值[2]。有关腐殖酸和风化煤在蔬菜上的应用效果研究较多[3-5],而应用在茶树上对茶园土壤和茶叶品质影响的研究较少。本试验通过茶树施用腐殖酸和风化煤对土壤结构和茶叶品质的影响研究,旨在为茶园施用腐殖酸和风化煤提供理论指导。
  1材料与方法
  1.1材料
  1.1.1供试土壤及调理剂试验地点在福建省宁德福安市天香茶叶有限公司茶园,土壤类型为黄红壤,土壤的基本理化性质为pH 7.21,有机质22.6 g/kg,全氮0.65 g/kg,全磷0.40 g/kg,全钾26.5 g/kg,碱解氮58.34 mg/kg,速效磷45.2 mg/kg,速效钾132.1 mg/kg。风化煤成分:全量腐殖酸138 g/kg,有机质325 g/kg,水分含量25.6%,pH 5.0,N+P2O5+K2O为2%。腐殖酸成分:N+P2O5+K2O为2%,pH 5.7,有机质496 g/kg。
  1.1.2茶树品种供试茶树品种为金观音,树龄5年。
  1.2方法
  1.2.1试验设计试验设4个处理:①NPK(F);②NPK+腐殖酸(FH,1 500 kg/hm2);③NPK+风化煤(FD,1 500 kg/hm2);④NPK+1/2腐殖酸+1/2风化煤(FHD,腐殖酸750 kg/hm2,风化煤750 kg/hm2),每小区化肥用量均相同:N、P2O5、K2O分别为217.5、67.5、90.0 kg/hm2。每小区面积20 m2,3次重复,随机排列。2012年7月施肥,2012年9月采茶青。