施肥调整对昭通烤烟生长及烟叶品质的影响
摘 要:针对昭通当地烟叶质量难以满足卷烟企业对原烟品质的更高要求,2010—2011年研究了在常规施肥基础上进行的施肥方法调整和养分配比调整对烟株生长及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)综合2年农艺性状结果,以施肥方法调整相对更好;2010年病虫害总体以2个施肥调整处理抗性更好;(2)较常规相比,2个施肥调整能不同程度的增产、增值,以养分配比调整效果更好;(3)烤后叶长、叶宽和单叶重差异不大,含梗率和叶面密度总体以养分配比调整相对更好;(4)2个施肥调整处理初烤烟叶的总糖、还原糖含量较常规高,3个处理其他化学成分含量较接近;(5)与常规相比,施肥方法调整和养分配比调整评吸总分分别增加了4.1和3.0分,质量均提高了2个档次。综上所述,当地现有施肥模式尚有调整优化空间,2个施肥调整均有明显的提质增产效果,以养分配比调整效果更为显著。
关键词:烤烟;施肥;优化;产量;质量
中图分类号:S572.045 文章编号:1007-5119(2014)06-0032-06 DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2014.06.007
Abstract: Because tobacco leaf quality in Zhaotong could not meet the higher requirements of cigarette enterprises for raw tobacco quality, Field experiment were conducted to study the effect of adjusting fertilization on the tobacco growth and leaf quality from 2010 to 2011, including local conventional fertilization, adjusting the fertilizing method and adjusting the nutrients ratio. The results showed that, adjusting fertilizer method was the best in term of the agronomic attributes for the two years. Adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatments improved disease resistance in 2010. Compared with conventional fertilizer application, adjusting fertilizer treatment increased yield and economic value in different levels, and the effect of adjusting nutrients ratio was better. There were little difference among leaf length, leaf width and leaf weight among treatments. Percentage of stem and leaf density of adjusting nutrients ratio was relatively better than others. Total sugar and reducing sugar for adjusting fertilizer treatment were higher than conventional fertilization. The two total scores for adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatments increased by 4.1 and 3 points, respectively, and the quality improved by 2 grades. In conclusion, adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatment can improve quality and increase yield, but the later treatment was more effectively.
Keywords: flue-cured tobacco; fertilization; optimization; yield; quality
我国烤烟种植面积和消费量均居世界首位,烟叶生产在国民经济中占有相当重要的地位。但就我国烟叶质量特色和总体结构而言,与卷烟工业需求尚有较大差距。施肥是影响烤烟品质的主要因素之一,其中以氮、磷、钾三要素影响尤为明显。目前,关于氮、磷、钾肥用量[1-8]、不同肥料配比[9-14]、追
基肥比例[15-16]、施用方法[17-20]等对烤烟产量和品质的影响已有较多报道,但这些研究多集中于三要素中某一因子对烟草生长发育或烤后烟叶某一品质指标的影响,烟株生长中三因子交互作用的研究也仅局限于为某一烟区或某一土壤类型或某一品种提供适宜的肥料配比。而我国烤烟种植范围广,气候条件和土壤条件差异大,且不同烤烟品种的生长有其自身的营养规律和品质要求,其对养分的吸收数量和状况也就各不相同。因此,如何进行合理施氮、有效施磷、高效施钾以实现优质适产一直是烟草栽培的关键。
昭通是全国31个重点优质烤烟产区之一,昭通烟叶以内在化学成分协调性好、清香型风格明显、香气尚足赢得全国多家名牌卷烟企业青睐。但由于长期一种施肥模式,且当地有机肥不足,同时烟株对养分的选择性吸收,导致土壤养分比例失调,加之烤烟优质适产的养分规律得不到满足等问题已经造成当地烟叶质量难以满足卷烟企业对原烟品质的更高要求。因此,昭通现有烤烟施肥模式如何调整值得探讨。基于此,本研究对改进当地烤烟施肥方法和养分配比进行了探讨,以期为当地科学施肥,提高烟叶工业可用性提供理论依据。