施肥优化对文山烤烟生长及产量质量的影响?

　　摘要：
　　針对文山当地施肥问题已阻碍烟叶质量的可持续发展以及难以满足卷烟企业对原烟品质的更高要求，试验在当地常规施肥基础上，探讨了施肥优化后对烟株生长发育、烟叶产量及质量的影响。结果表明，从烤烟生长发育来看，烟株农艺性状以基追比例调整相对更好，烟叶成熟落黄、生物量积累量、抗性均以养分配比优化较好，且处理间差异较小；从烟叶产、质量来看，较常规施肥相比，经济效益以养分配比优化处理最好；化学成分以养分配比优化和基追比例调整更有利于烟叶品质提高，而总糖含量、糖碱比均偏低；评吸结果以养分配比优化的综合得分和质量档次相对最高，基追比例调整次之，常规施肥方式（对照）最低，其中施肥优化后3个处理的总得分较对照分别增加了 1.98、5.62、3.22分，质量均较对照提高了 2个档次。因此，当地现有施肥模式尚有调整优化空间，3个施肥优化处理均有明显的提质增产效果，以养分配比优化效果更为显著。
　　关键词：烤烟；施肥；优化；产量；品质
　　中图分类号：S572.062 文献标识号：A 文章编号：1001-4942（2017）04-0078-06
　　Effects of Optimized Fertilization on Growth， Yield and
　　Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Wenshan Area
　　Zhu Yi1， Li Shichen1， Li Dafei1， Xu Long2， Huo Shidong1， Feng Kun2， Wu Panpan1， Zhao Zhengxiong1
　　（1.Tobacco College， Yunnan Agricultural University， Kunming 650201， China；
　　2.Wenshan Tobacco Company， Wenshan 663000， China）
　　Abstract In view of the problems in fertilization in Wenshan， which hindered the sustainable development of tobacco leaf quality and was difficult to meet the requirements of cigarette enterprises for higher quality of raw tobacco， the effects of optimized fertilization on growth and development of tobacco plant， yield and quality of tobacco leaves were studied in this paper. From the growth and development of tobacco， plant agronomic traits were relatively better by adjusting the proportion of base fertilizer to topdressing one； tobacco mature yellowing， biomass accumulation and resistance were improved by optimizing the nutrient ratio， and fewer differences were found between different treatments. Compared to the conventional fertilization， the economic benefit was the best when the nutrient rate was optimized； the chemical compositions were more conducive to improving the quality of tobacco leaves with lower total sugar content and ratio of sugar to nicotine after optimization of nutrient ratio and ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing one. Smoking assessment results showed that the comprehensive score and quality of flue-cured tobacco were the highest through nutrient ratio adjustment， the second was that through the ratio adjustment of base fertilizer to topdressing one， and that was the lowest under the conventional fertilization. The total score of flue-cured tobacco of the three optimization treatments were 1.98， 5.62 and 3.22 more than that of control respectively， and the quality was improved by two grades compared to the control. In conclusion， the local existing fertilization mode still had optimizing room； all the optimized fertilization treatments in this test showed obvious effects on improving quality and increasing yield especially the optimization of nutrient ratio.