英语英美文学篇一：中英对照英美文学知识大全
英语英美文学篇二：英美文学术语(英文版) literary terms
英国文学
Alliteration: 押头韵 repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）
Allegory: 寓言 a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.
Allusion: 典故 a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype: 原型
Irony: 反讽 intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated
Black humor: 黑色幽默
Metaphor: 暗喻
Ballad: 民谣 about the folk loge
Epic: 史诗 in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.
Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学 is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry
Euphuism: 夸饰文体 This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.
Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene
Conceit: 奇特的比喻 is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物
Sonnet: 十四行诗 a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.
Blank verse: 无韵体诗 written in uhymed iambic pentameter.
Elegy 挽歌
The Heroic Couplet: 英雄对偶句
Lyric: 抒情诗 is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose.
Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
Stream of Consciousness: 意识流 the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.
Renaissance: 文艺复兴 14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主义 it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.
Metaphysical poetry: 玄学派诗歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert.
The Enlightenment Movement: 启蒙运动 18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope.
Neoclassicism: 新古典主义17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson.
Sentimentalism: 感伤主义 18世纪60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence.
The Graveyard School: 墓畔派 whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on
life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theme.
Romanticism: 浪漫主义 mid-18th century, strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism. romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.
Lake Poets: 湖畔派诗人 refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District.
Critical Realism: 批判现实主义
? applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
? criticize capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint but did not find a way to eradicate social evils. ? concerned about the fate of common people and described what was faithful to reality.
? Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.
Modernism: 现代主义 began in the late 19th century and flourish until 1950. concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner world of an individual.
美国文学
American Puritanism: 清教徒主义 accept the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement.
American Romanticism: 美国浪漫主义
? subjectivity 主观性 emphasis on individualism—personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness? back to medi
? back to nature 回归自然
Transcendentalism: 超验主义
? Began in New England around 1830, spokesman was R. W. Emerson, man’s capacity of knowing truth
intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach the traditional five senses, he can also learn spontaneously, out of his soul or instincts.
? Four sources: Unitarianism, Romantic Idealism, Oriental mysticism, puritanism.
Free Verse: 自由诗体 has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms… American Realism: Actualities of everyday life, moral and social effects of writing. It concerns for common place and the low, offers an objective view. three dominant figures, Howells, Mark Twain, and Hey James. Local Color: Speech and customs peculiar to one particular place, an indigenous and distinctive little world. Hamlin Garland, Willa Cather, and Sarah Orne Jewette are three representatives.
American Naturalism: is evolved from realism when the author’s tome in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.
Imagism: 意象派
? It was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature ”haiku”.
? An image is defined by Pound. 强调诗要具体，避免抽象，意向比喻要非常准确。
The Lost Generation: Got the name in the 1920s. Gertrude Stein used it to refer those young American expatriates who had traumatic war experience, strong sense of loss, confusion and despair after the first World War. Pound, Hemingway, Fitzgerald are the representatives.
The Harlem Renaissance: In the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. He and other black playwrights, poets and novelists presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of black writers after mid-20th century.
Black humor: Baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world play out their roles in a “tragic farce,” in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Examples are Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (1961), and Thomas Pynchon’s V (1963)
英语英美文学篇三：英语专八-最全英美文学常识
英国文学(English Literature)
一、 Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学 (8世纪-14世纪)
1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066)
a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities
the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报
b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song
Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): The Christ
c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)
2) The Medieval Period 中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):
a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌
无名诗人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C, Age of Chaucer:
* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟 1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家
The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发
The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)
* William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士
二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧
1) 诗歌 Hey Howard(霍华德 1516-1547)
a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature
b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞 1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代 - long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),
and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.
2) Prose 散文
a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话
b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus
Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means. The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisons
c. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱 the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic
3) 戏剧
a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派 Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English drama
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人 16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》
A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;
Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》
11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》; The Tempest《暴风雨》
Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus
King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful
10 historical plays: Hey IV; Hey V
c. Ben Jonson(琼生 1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》; The Alchemist《炼金术士》
三、 17世纪文学
1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派) a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄学派创始人;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》
文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soul
The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）
b. John Milton(弥尔顿 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)
Paradise Regained《复乐园》; Paradise Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;
On His Blindness《目盲自咏》; Areopagitica《论出版自由》; Comus; L’allegro《快乐的人》; Lycidas
c. John Bunyan(班扬 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose style
The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical taste
a. John Dryden (德莱顿 1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家)：first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander’s Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国
四、18世纪英国文学: Realism (关注社会现状，普通人) The Neoclassical Period (17世纪中期-18世纪)
~ Enlightenment (启蒙运动): 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义 Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: 早期 (Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期 (Samuel Johnson) old classics
Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern
a. Samuel Pepys(毕博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th CThe Diary
b. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope – 18世纪初期 文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大 first introduced rationalism to England
An Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》; Dunciad《愚人记》 c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生 1672-1719): literary periodicals
The Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感 The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club --- 现代英语小说先锋
贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”
The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets
2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家 – the Sentimentalist & the Realist
* 现实主义
a. Daniel Defoe(笛福 1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人; Father of English and European NovelsMoll Flanders
The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe:the first person singular
Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the Plague Year b. Hey Fielding(菲尔丁 1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家): 英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose创始人 文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》: 18世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy“Prose Humor” c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家): 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose
文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”
Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国) The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)
d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说
* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt
towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.
a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西” Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison
b. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》- unusual and queer artistic form c. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction
3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期
a. James Thomson(汤姆森 1700-1748 苏格兰)：
The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism
b. Edward Young(杨 1683-1765)c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚颂》
d. Thomas Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》；Ode on the Spring
e. William Blake(布莱克 1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)： symbolismThe Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》 世间的丑恶 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The LambPoetical Sketches《素描诗集》
f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 苏格兰)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the people’s poet 文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the Highland
A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne《旧日美好时光》; For a’ That and a’ That《不管那一套》
4) 戏剧
a. John Gay(盖伊 1685-1732): The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs
b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹 1751-1816 喜剧作家)： tendency to Realism
the artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) & anti-sentimental movement 顶峰 The Rivals《情敌》
The School for Scandal《造谣学校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare
two brothers – Joseph/Charles surface;criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy
五、The Romantic Period英国浪漫主义文学 (1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现passion, emotion and natural beauty
It begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work – Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.
~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学
1) 特点individuals
1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.
2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.
3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.
4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.
5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.
6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.
2) 诗歌 – Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔诗人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of nature a. William Wordsworth (华兹华斯 1770-1850)：Poet Laureate
Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》;
Lines Written in Early Spring英国浪漫主义开端
The Prelude《序曲》； The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；
Composed upon Westminster Bridge； Lucy Poems;My Heart Leaps Up;To the Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》
b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治 1772-1834)：poet and literary critic；Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel； The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子咏》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》 c. Robert Southey(骚赛)：Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》
3) 诗歌 – 第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上
a. George Gordon Byron(拜伦 1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and loveCain《该隐》
Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》: Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗
Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。
She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》
b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱 1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters
Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》； Adonais； A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(无神论) 诗剧：The Cenci《钦契一家》；Promethus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Greek mythology)
love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark《云雀颂》；Ode to the West Wind (冬天来了，春天还会远吗): swift, proud and wild的西风 c. John Keats (济慈 1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” – leading principle Ode to Psyche《普赛克颂》His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知觉) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；Isabella Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale； Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
4) 散文: 19世纪早期，critical prose writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy
a. Charles Lamb(兰姆 1774-1834 随笔): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and observations最佳散文家 Old China《古旧的瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(儿童文学); Essays of Elia(论说文集)
b. William Hazlitt (哈兹利特 1778-1830): 犀利的文学批评 -The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays
Lectures on the English Poets;Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth
My First Acquaintance with Poets;On Going a Journey《论出游》
5) 小说
a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西欧历史小说之父； the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主义向现实主义转变 Waverley《威弗利》；Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》(苏格兰历史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》
b. Jane Austen(简奥斯丁 1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life
首位女作家，以特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说崛起Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》 Sense and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma； Persuasion《劝导》; Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein
六、The Victorian Period维多利亚时期 (1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判现实主义- novel poetry/prose
Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class
1) 小说
a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯 1812-1870): 小资产阶级知识分子 humoritst, satirist
With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. Bleak Hous《荒凉山庄》；Hard Times《艰难时世》；A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》
~ 1st Period (1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》; Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历 - 18世纪早期的英国的小资们 petty-bourgeoisie ~ 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield;Dombey and Son《董贝父子》 ~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations《远大前程》
A Tale of Two Cities: 革命主题 – 法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton b. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley《雪莉》
Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) – 资本主义社会婚姻制度
Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Grey
c. Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人 1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte – 英国最佳传记
Mary Barton《玛丽· 巴顿》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists
d. George Elliot(艾略特 1819-1880 女作家): 田园生活，道德问题，心理描写 Silas Marner《织工马南》 文风：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophicalAdam Bede：Adam爱上变心女 The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie； Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德尔马契》 e. William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷 1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero《名利场》 f. Thomas Hardy(哈代 1840-1928 诗人&小说家): 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。the Wessex novels(虚构地点) Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》； The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；The Return of the Native《还乡》 Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》； Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》: Tess & Angel Clare – 人无法掌控自己的命运
g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森 1850-1894): Treasure Island《金银岛》;Kidnapped
h. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探求者》
2) 诗歌: optimism and progressive vitality
a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生 1809-1902)：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人Poet LaureateIn Memoriam《悼念》sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》 b. The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese ~ Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankind Men and Women(诗集)； My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night； Home Thoughts, from Abroad
3) 散文
a. Thomas Carlyle(卡莱尔 1795-1881 历史学家): The French Revolution – 起因(the worker’s miserable living condition)b. John Ruskin(作家&艺术评论家): 其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影响巨大
Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies
c. Matthew Arnold(阿诺德 1822-1888): Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》
4) 无产阶级文学 a. Ernest Jones(琼斯 1819-1869): the Chartist poets(宪章派诗人)
b. William Morris(莫里斯 1834-1896): the first socialist writer
5) 19世纪末期文学趋势
a. Naturalism: 19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber - 达尔文 Emile Zola & George Gissingb. New-Romanticism: oppose the idea that art reflects life reality – Stevenson (苏格兰小说家)
c. Aestheticism(唯美主义): art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life – 在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversiond. Descadence(颓废派文艺): the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for art’s sake” ~ Oscar Wilde(王尔德 1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance; The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎乐美 》
Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》