土壤深耕与秸秆还田对土壤物理性状及烟叶产质量的影响

　　摘  要：为探明江西典型植烟区适宜耕作方式，改善烟区土壤理化性质，在稻烟轮作区开展田间试验研究深耕对土壤物理性状、烤烟生长与烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明，在5～10 cm土层，秸秆还田显著降低了土壤容重、增加了土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙和通气孔隙;在20～25 cm土层，深耕和秸秆还田均显著降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤通气孔隙。深耕显著降低了土壤的贯穿阻力，秸秆还田通过增加5～10 cm土层≥2 mm团聚体的含量进而增加了土壤大团聚体的比例。深耕和秸秆还田均能提高烟株根茎叶的干物质量、促进其对氮磷钾的吸收，以深耕处理与深耕+秸秆还田处理效果更显著。深耕和秸秆还田显著提高了烟叶产量、产值和烟叶评吸总分。利用圆盘犁深耕土壤结合水稻秸秆还田是改良植烟土壤、提高烟叶产质量的可行技术措施。
　　关键词：烤烟;深耕;秸秆还田;物理性状;养分吸收;产质量
　　中图分类号：S572.06          文章编号：1007-5119（2019）01-0025-08      DOI：10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.01.004
　　Abstract： In order to find out the suitable tillage methods in Jiangxi typical tobacco-growing areas， and to improve the soil physical and chemical properties in tobacco-producing areas， a field trial was carried out in the rice-tobacco rotation area of Jiangxi Province. The results showed that in the 5-10 cm soil layer， straw returning significantly reduced soil bulk density， increased soil total porosity， capillary porosity and aeration porosity; in the 20-25 cm soil layer， deep tillage and straw returning significantly reduced soil bulk density and significantly increased soil aeration porosity. Deep tillage significantly reduced the penetration resistance of the soil and straw returning to the field increased the proportion of large aggregates of soil by increasing the content of aggregates ≥2 mm in 5-10 cm soil layer. Deep tillage and straw returning increased the dry matter content of tobacco root， stem and leaf， and promoted the absorption of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium. The effects of deep tillage and deep tillage combined with straw returning were more significant than the other treatments. Deep tillage and straw returning significantly increased tobacco yield， output value and total tobacco smoking score. In Jiangxi Province， it is a feasible technical measure to improve tobacco planting soil and tobacco yield and quality by deep ploughing soil with disk plow combined with rice straw returning.
　　Keywords： tobacco; deep tillage; straw returning; physical properties; nutrient absorption; yield and quality
　　江西省系全國烟草种植区划中最适宜与适宜区之一[1]，烤烟种植模式主要为烟稻轮作，长期单一的浅耕模式使该地区烟田土壤耕层明显变浅，土壤板结与犁底层变厚等耕层问题日益严重[2]。耕层土壤结构失调会影响土壤中的水、肥、气、热，阻碍和影响烤烟的生长发育，从而降低烤烟产质量。因此，土层深耕和培肥植烟土壤已成为提高烟叶质量的根本出路。
　　相关研究指出深耕能够保持土壤疏松，有益土壤的熟化，增强肥力[3]。ZHANG等[4]研究表明，深耕能加大活土层，便于根系伸展，扩大作物吸收营养的范围，使紧实土层变松碎，土壤容重减小。冀保毅等[5]研究表明，深耕能增加耕层有效土壤深度和土壤孔隙度，降低土壤容重，改善耕层土壤的物理性状。秸秆作为常见的有机物料，合理还田能够起到提高土壤养分含量，改善土壤理化性状的作用[6-7]。前人对深耕及秸秆还田的研究虽然较多，但针对烤烟方面的研究则鲜有报道。本研究基于田间试验，研究深耕结合秸秆还田对烟田土壤理化性状、烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量质量的影响，以期通过耕作方式改良烟田土壤质量，促进烟株发育，为当地烟区生产优质适产烟叶提供参考依据。