铁皮石斛药材不同加工方法的比较

　　【摘要】铁皮石斛是名贵中药材，传统铁皮枫斗加工过程复杂、成本较高且服用不方便。本研究以在两个地点采集的铁皮石斛鲜条为材料，以传统枫斗加工法作对照，分别采用6种不同方法对铁皮石斛进行加工，使用硫酸-苯酚法测定其中多糖的含量并进行比较。结果表明：六种加工铁皮石斛药材的折干率均为34%左右，无统计学差异；多糖含量变幅在3497%～5419%之间，处理间差异达极显著水平，与对照相比，以鲜条切断晒干效果最差，多糖含量仅为3697%；烘烤-揉搓后切片烤干效果最好，多糖含量高达5419%；说明铁皮石斛鲜条不宜直接晒干，需选择合适的加工方式。边烤边揉再切片烘干与传统工艺相比加工方式简单，有可迅速干燥药材和保留有效成分，成品为干片，更便于服用，是替代枫斗的较好加工方法。
　　【关键词】铁皮石斛；多糖含量；加工方法；质量比较
　　【中图分类号】R2824【文献标志码】 A【文章编号】1007-8517（2015）01-0039-03
　　Abstract：Dendrobium officinale Kimura etMigo is a valuable Chinese medicinal materials.The traditional machining process of Tiepi Fengdou is complicated，high-cost and inconvenient taking. In this study ，the materials of fresh Dendrobium candidum was collected in two locations.The processing of Dendrobium was used in 6 different methods， compared with the content of polysaccharides about traditional processing ，which determined by phenol - sulfuric acid method. The results showed that： the six processing Dendrobium medicinal materials drying rate was about 34%， no significant difference； the content of polysaccharide were between the 3497%～5419% ， the difference among treatments reached significant level. Compared with the CK， fresh Dendrobium by cut and dried effect was the worst， the content of polysaccharide was only 3697%. Compared with the CK，fresh Dendrobium by cut and dried effect was the worst， the content of polysaccharide was only 3697%；bake - rub-cut effect was the best， the content of polysaccharide was up to 5419%. Fresh Dendrobium candidum could not be directly dried， need to choose thesuitable processing method. Take - rub-cut effect compared with traditional technics processing mode was simple， drying rapidly herbs and keeping the effective components. The finished product for dry tablets were taking more convenient， which was a better method to the processing of Dendrobium.
　　Keywords：Dendrobium officinale Kimura etMigo；polysaccharide content；processing method；comparison of quality
　　铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo）兰科石斛属植物的干燥茎，是我国传统名贵珍稀中药材，药用和经济价值高[1]，有健脾养胃、滋阴补肾、润肺生津等功效，用于治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎、高血压、糖尿病、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等[2]。在《道藏》、《神农本草经》、《备急千金药方》和《本草纲目》等诸多中医药书中，都对铁皮石斛有载。《道藏》称铁皮石斛具有滋阴补虚、生津润肺等功效。铁皮石斛主要成分为石斛多糖[3]。常以多糖含量的高低或以口嚼黏、纤维少等来判断某一石斛类药材质量的优劣[4，5]。
　　由于新鲜的铁皮石斛不能长久保存，通常加工成干品，如铁皮枫斗[6 ]等，不易霉烂、虫蛀和变质。铁皮石斛的加工，2010年版《中国药典》[7]规定有2种方法：一是边加热边扭成螺旋形或弹簧状，烘干，习称“铁皮枫斗”；二是切成段，干燥或低温烘干。铁皮石斛茎段干燥后的药材习称铁皮枫斗或西枫斗。传统的铁皮石斛“枫斗”加工，其工艺技术一定程度上完全靠手法、凭经验，枫斗的成品率、品质完全依赖于加工者的技术熟练程度，即怎样更好地掌握加工过程中的 “火候”。因此，在加工过程中受人为因素的影响较大。而且加工过程费时、费力，每公斤的加工费高达几百元甚至上千元，有的甚至不能完全达到卫生和环保要求。