In an early morning in July 1945, a strange mushroom cloudarose in the basin of northern New Mexico, the United States, splittingthe dark sky with brilliant light. That was not the first twilightof another day, but the twilight of the atomic age. Dramatically, thefirst explosion of a nuclear bomb was tested under the code name,“The Gadget,” by a team of scientists at Los Alamos under theirchief Robert Oppenheimer. They were quite confident that atomicenergy, developed either for military or civilian use in the ensuingyears, would be well controlled by human beings.